Role of Stakeholder Salience in Research †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of Stakeholder Salience in Research. Answer: Introduction: Stakeholders in any organization have an intrinsic value. They invest in the structure of the organization to make it worthy of business. Their interests in the firm are kept as a priority during the time of decision making. Their interest makes the moral foundation of the organization. Moreover, the relationships of management with its stakeholders are based on moral grounds sealed with commitments (Aragons-Beltrn et al. 2017). Stakeholders always desire to make profits from their investments in the organization and it becomes obligatory for the managers to make them earn their worth. Normative model is selected because decisions of the organizations affect the profitability of the stakeholders. The ethical approach comes into play when the decisions taken by the organization affect others rather than their own stakeholders and the decisions made without considering the consequences which others have to face is termed as unethical. Since an organization is responsible to its stakeho lders about the decisions normative approach is considered best (Dioufand Boiral 2017). As stated above the intrinsic value of stakeholders dominate the management of an organization when it comes to decision making. In the context of corporate responsibility, normative approach is more appropriate than ethical approach. The success of an organization does not only depend on the managerial efforts but there is a lot of contribution made by its stakeholders to see the ship sail through. For that purpose, organizations realize the participation of stakeholders and keep their rights on top of any priority. All the mechanism which any organization applies to protect the rights of shareholders, and is kept at the most important practice is known as corporate governance structure (Fassin et al. 2017). Legal and legitimate rights of the stakeholders are agreed upon by the management and actions or decisions which forfeit those legal rights are prohibited. These rights are given to the stakeholders to intervene in the decision making and profit making actions to maximize the efficiency of work in the organization (Haefner and Palmi 2017). These legal rights provide the stakeholders with authority to change the flow of work according to their perspective which is always bonafide. These legal rights clear stak eholders to receive classified information about the firm to oversee and act accordingly. They can also stop any unethical work going on behind their backs with the help of these legal rights. It also backs the commitments made to the stakeholders and they can sue the company if those commitments are not fulfilled (Horng et al. 2017). As mentioned above, stakeholders are the key to achieving success for an organization. They have an intrinsic value of their own and keeping their interest as a top priority is the job of core management of the organization. It is a conventional practice that management of an organization is responsible and answerable directly to the stakeholders. If any issue arises, the stakeholders directly contact the top management of the firm. To manage the stakeholders is a difficult task and needs proper identification of the types of stakeholders (Lim and Greenwood 2017). Some of them are visionaries, some of them are bullies and ghosts. Since it requires a lot of PR skills to manage each and every one of them and satisfy their needs, managers must be skilled. The response of core management comes handy as they have the authority to answer and negotiate with the stakeholders. Their commitments and statements seem more authentic in the eyes of the stakeholders (Miles 2017). Being in the core management of the firm it is their natural obligation to work for the progress of the company and even look into the interests of the stakeholders. They maintain a balance between both entities as only they are capable of pulling this thing off. There are many methods of communication between the management and the stakeholders of a firm. This communication is very important to win the trust of the stakeholders by keeping them in the loop about changes occurring in the management. Some of the methods are: Meetings: It is the most common way of communication in which each member is allowed to speak and discuss work-related Counter questions clear any doubts about the topics under consideration (Mitchell et al. 2017). Conference Calls: To save the time and expense of travel conference calls have been the most frequently used tool in todays world. It breaks the barrier of time and place of meetings. Newsletter/Emails: This is a one-way communication to notify the stakeholders about any update or report which is related to work (Oliveira et al. 2017). Details of the work can be conveyed in much simpler and faster way to all stakeholders. In the same way, needs of the stakeholders can be conveyed to the management through methods of communication. If any discussion or clearance is required to implement the proposed changes then the management can discuss it within them and notify the stakeholders afterward. It completely depends on the nature of demands of the stakeholders, that it will be accepted by the management or not (Oppong, Chan and Dansoh 2017). Identification of the stakeholders is of utmost importance in making a strategy to manage them. Since the stakeholders react in different circumstances it is imperative to pick and choose them in your own best interest. I would like to choose the internal stakeholder such as low key employees, dealers and contractors who can have an immediate impact on the work of a project. Mapping them is much easier as they are in frequent contact with the management. Communication with them can leverage the status of work and resources available to complete the project (Rivera et al. 2017). They are easy to handle and mitigate as their demands are less and short term which can be easily fulfilled and manipulated. It makes the grip of management on the stakeholders demand very tight to get the work done without much hassle (Wright,Hudson and Wright 2017). To effectively manage the stakeholders are to create a strategy for the purpose, I will create an Organizational Breakdown Structure first. This structure may be of a tree in which classification of different departments and groups will be done. Then I will categorize the stakeholders into three circles such as immediate circle, community circle and observational circle. This will allow me to separate the interests and involvement of the respective stakeholders (Horng et.al 2017). After that, I will do an assessment of the impact of stakeholders which they hold on decision making of the organization. This will simplify the intentions and interests of the stakeholders in different modules of the firm. Then to complete this method I will create a power-interest grid to give a clear picture of the stakeholders position in the firm. Keeping each stakeholder in the relevant quadrant of the grid according to the power they hold and interest they have will classify them further (Diouf and B oiral 2017). Which resources will you require? To formulate a strategy for managing stakeholder, the resources I would require is the nature of work of the stakeholder, their interest in the organization, thepower they hold in the decision making process and their preference of work culture. To manage and convince the stakeholders I would need the data about their personal likings, their financial position in the firm, amount of money they have invested as capital, their expectation of return from the firm and other business interests (Fassin et al. 2017). These variables will give a clear picture of everything which a stakeholder wants from the firms management. Knowing these details will give me the leverage to handle them individually. Stakeholders want to be valued and involved in the management which can be granted to them with the help of above-mentioned resources (Haefner and Palmi 2017). To measure the level of success I have achieved in managing the stakeholders, I will use some commonly used key performance indicators applied for the purpose. These indicators will clearly define the extent of success of the management strategy. The first method which I will use is conducting anonline survey. It is the most simple and by far the best method of knowing the rate of success and getting feedback from the stakeholders(Lim and Greenwood 2017). I can choose any tool such as Zoomerang or SurveyMonkey to set up an online survey in which questionnaires will be provided regarding the level of satisfaction of the stakeholders and feedback which they want to give to improve my strategy. The second method is to run Focus Groups in which brainstorming sessions are done to get inputs from the stakeholders about the progress mange by the management team(Oppong, Chan and Dansoh 2017). The third method is the direct one which is interviewing the stakeholders. This will be a private me eting in which one-on-one interaction will be done to get the feedback. The entire planned developed by me will be deployed to improve the strategy of stakeholder management. I will use this approach to get to the bottom of requirements of stakeholders and to know their real expectations. As it is a well-known fact that stakeholders are the most vital part of any organization, keeping them happy and satisfied is very essential for the success of the firm (Rivera et al. 2017). My strategy is very comprehensive and deals with each and every aspect of stakeholder management and it can be applied to get better results according to the need of the company. I will make back up plans as well in case of any changes in the interests of stakeholders or management of the company. References Aragons-Beltrn, P., Garca-Meln, M. and Montesinos-Valera, J., 2017. How to assess stakeholders' influence in project management? A proposal based on the Analytic Network Process.International Journal of Project Management,35(3), pp.451-462. Diouf, D., Diouf, D., Boiral, O. and Boiral, O., 2017. The quality of sustainability reports and impression management: A stakeholder perspective.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,30(3), pp.643-667. Fassin, Y., Deprez, J., Van den Abeele, A. and Heene, A., 2017. Complementarities Between Stakeholder Management and Participative Management: Evidence From the Youth Care Sector.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,46(3), pp.586-606. Haefner, N. and Palmi, M., 2017. With (out) a Little Help From My Friends? Stakeholder Management, Innovation Strategy, and Long-Term Firm Performance. Horng, C.Y., Fan, C., Chen, S.C., Tsai, Y.S., Lin, C.Y., Wu, C.C. and Yeh, J.H., 2017. Enhancing river patrol team management through stakeholder discussion facilitated by World Caf methodologyA case study in Taiwan.Journal of Cleaner Production,140, pp.1263-1271. Lim, J.S. and Greenwood, C.A., 2017. Communicating corporate social responsibility (CSR): Stakeholder responsiveness and engagement strategy to achieve CSR goals.Public Relations Review,43(4), pp.768-776. Miles, S., 2017. Stakeholder Theory Classification, Definitions and Essential Contestability. InStakeholder Management(pp. 21-47). Emerald Publishing Limited. Mitchell, R.K., Lee, J.H. and Agle, B.R., 2017. Stakeholder Prioritization Work: The Role of Stakeholder Salience in Stakeholder Research. InStakeholder Management(pp. 123-157). Emerald Publishing Limited. Oliveira, R.R., Boldorini, P.S.A.T., Teixeira, L.A.A. and Martins, H.C., 2017. PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND RELATIONSHIP MARKETING58; INTERSECTIONS FOR STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT IN PROJECTS.Iberoamerican Journal of Project Management,8(1), pp.47-68. Oppong, G.D., Chan, A.P. and Dansoh, A., 2017. A review of stakeholder management performance attributes in construction projects.International Journal of Project Management,35(6), pp.1037-1051. Rivera, J.M., Muoz, M.J. and Moneva, J.M., 2017. Revisiting the Relationship Between Corporate Stakeholder Commitment and Social and Financial Performance.Sustainable Development. Wright, K., Hudson, R. and Wright, J., 2017. Change communication and stakeholder management during transformative change initiatives., (2), pp.7-11.

History of Thanksgiving

Misconceptions in Thanksgiving Thanksgiving was first introduced in the American society in 1637 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony Governor referred to as Winthrop. However, thanksgiving was practiced by the American Natives even before 1637. To many American scholars, thanksgiving is a very old concept that was practiced even before it was made a public holiday. One of the fallacies is that it is linked to the American Indian populace. It is usually linked to the legendary Indians and Pilgrim myth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Thanksgiving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One fact is that thanksgiving is plays an important role in the enrichment of the American culture and history. However, it is inaccurate to associate it with the Indian people because it was practiced even by other American Natives. Associating it with Indians is distorting the American history because the reality is that it did no t start as a great affectionate relationship between the pilgrims and the Wampanoag, Pequot, and Narragansett. History shows that the Pilgrim survivors of 1621 celebrated the thanksgiving ceremony without even inviting the Indians. They did not incorporate turkey and pumpkin pie into their diet since the ingredients were non-existent. When the ceremony was being conducted, the officials ensured that a wall was erected to keep off Indians from attending the party. The Governor of Massachusetts arranged for a thanksgiving celebration to commemorate the return of the soldiers who had been deployed in Connecticut to defend the colony (Bradford 78). The soldiers had been sent to Connecticut with clear instructions to exterminate over seven-hundred men, women, and children from Pequot community. Separating Facts from Fiction Scholars identify four reasons why thanksgiving is a subject of contention in the American society. To understand thanksgiving as a ceremony, facts ought to be separa ted from fiction. History scholars have really tried to separate facts from fiction as regards to thanksgiving ceremony. It is fictional to believe that the Pilgrims held the first thanksgiving ceremony. In the American educational system, children literature shows that thanksgiving as a subject cannot be explored without mentioning Indians and Pilgrims. However, this is not true because thanksgiving was first celebrated by other native communities without even inviting the Indians. The first real thanksgiving ceremony was held at St. Augustine area before 1600. Each community had its own way of celebrating or thanking their maker. History attributes thanksgiving to Indians, which is not true. When other communities arrived in the US safely, they organized for various parties to thank their God for leading them wisely. For instance, the Green Corn Ceremony of the Cherokee is believed to have taken place before the thanksgiving celebration. The community thanked their maker for givin g them good crops each harvesting season. It is unnecessary for children to make tall paper hats and cardboard shoe buckles to commemorate the achievements of their forefathers yet there are other means through which they could appreciate the efforts of their forefathers.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also fictional to believe that thanksgiving ceremony has a specified dressing code. People are meant to believe that a bunch of dour, black and buckle cloths were worn during the party. In the paintings provided in the 17th century, it is evident that special cloths were made for the elites to be used during the celebration. However, this does not mean that the poor were excluded from the celebrations since they were allowed to attend the party with cloths of their choice. It is fictional to believe that thanksgiving ceremony is a party to be held every year. Thanksgiving is a cere mony that should be arranged any time of the year, as long as an individual feels that he or she has achieved something. The ceremony was actually meant for religious celebrations to thank God for enabling the natives to achieve their ambitions. In the modern world, the ceremony is misused because people use it as a leisure event. In the 18th century, states in the US celebrated thanksgiving holiday without necessarily waiting for the end of the year. After the American Civil War, the president, Abraham Lincoln, decided to come up with a federal date to commemorate thanksgiving holiday since the nation was highly divided. The holiday served the purpose of uniting Americans who were divided on racial lines. In 1939 to 1941, the celebrations were extended in order to help the country recover from the consequences of The Great Depression. Finally, it is fictional to believe that the Pilgrims ate turkey at the first thanksgiving ceremony. In the current society, many Americans incorpora te the turkey in their meals during the ceremony believing that it was first used during the ceremony. Turkey was not even popular among the Native Americans so it could not be the main meal at the time. Real Story of the Thanksgiving Thanksgiving is a public holiday celebrated in the United States each fourth day of November. The day has been celebrated from 1863, after the American Civil War. It is celebrated to remember the men and women who perished in the war. The president instructed that the day be remembered because very many Americans lost their lives while fighting for freedom. The holiday is a federal holiday meaning that it is celebrated by all races in the country. However, the holiday traces its roots in the celebrations conducted by Pilgrims in 1621, especially during harvests. In its original nature, the celebrations lasted for at least three days. Moreover, it was supposed to be attended by the fifty-three Pilgrims and at least ninety-three Native Americans.Advertis ing We will write a custom essay sample on History of Thanksgiving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thanksgiving was specifically meant to thank God for the power he provided to the colonists. Colonists could converge every time they succeeded in war. Others would express their sincere thanks after a calamity such as drought. Among the Native Americans, the celebrations were religious because it was believed that God had done a lot to the lives of people. The celebration was first held as an impromptu religious ceremony, but it was made a civil tradition in the preceding years. Comparison between Truth and Fiction regarding Thanksgiving in the History of America While some scholars observe that the first thanksgiving ceremony was conducted by Indians, the truth is that it existed even before the Indians migrated to America. It is true that the first thanksgiving ceremony took place in 1598, twenty-three years before the Pilgrim f estival was celebrated. The first thanksgiving ceremony was conducted by a Spanish explorer who led his people through the Mexican dessert for several years. Another fiction regarding the thanksgiving ceremony is that it was held in 1619 by the English settlers. The truth is that the London based company sponsored the Englishmen to celebrate the arrival of the ship that was carrying valuable goods. Many people believe that thanksgiving is a ceremony that is related to the family. An individual should consider thanksgiving a Pilgrim festival because it was a religious event. In this regard, it cannot be a family issue given the fact that family members need not to belong to a single religious group. The Pilgrims invited Indians to take part in the celebrations because it was a multicultural event. The paintings of Norman Rockwell tend to mislead people to believe that thanksgiving is about eating and sharing with family members. Even though historians claim that thanksgiving was a re ligious event, it was not strictly practiced by those subscribing to the Indian religion alone. In other words, it was a communal affair because other communities subscribing to different religious teachings were also invited. However, the fact remains that it was partly a religious event, but not a family affair. There is a popular myth that Pilgrims ate turkey during the thanksgiving ceremony. This is not true because turkey was not readily available in society. Pilgrims did not have apples, pears, and potatoes because these were foreign foods. It is accurate to claim that pilgrims ate deer because it was readily available. Before the 17th century, the log cabin had never appeared in the United States. However, it is claimed that Pilgrims lived in these log cabins (Love 67). The writings of various scholars suggest that Pilgrims wore black clothes, yet the reality is that they did not even dress in funny buckles. Another reality is that Pilgrims were not similar in any way with th e Puritans. Many people, including President Ronald Reagan, confused this fact.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Bradford, William. History of Plymouth Plantation. Boston: Little Brown and Co, 1856. Print. Bradford, William. Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952. Print. Love, William. The Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co, 1895. Print. This essay on History of Thanksgiving was written and submitted by user Trevor A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Sewage Treatment Facilities

Compliance Assessment of Low Volume of Effluent Discharge Sewage Treatment Facilities with the Municipal Sewage Regulation (MSR) of the Environmental Management Act Sarah Brown, Environmental Quality Co-op Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Introduction 3 3 Materials and Methods 5 4 Compliance Review Results 7 4.1. Reporting requirements 7 4.2. Effluent Quality 9 4.2.1. Total 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand 9 4.2.2 Total Suspended Solids 13 4.2.3 Fecal Coliform 14 4.2.4 Turbidity 16 4.2.5 Nitrogen 19 4.3 Operator Certification 24 5 Discussion and recommendations 25 5.1. Compliance Summary 25 5.2. Follow-up and Conclusion 32 6 References 33 7 Appendices a Appendix A: Glossary and List of Symbols a Appendix C: List of Units e Appendix D: f Schedule 3 - Standards for Discharges to Water f Appendix D.A: Schedule 3 - Explanatory Notes h Schedule 4 - Standards for Discharges into Ground j Appendix D.B: Schedule 4 - Explanatory Notes m Appendix E: Schedule 6 - Monitoring Requirements (1)(2) o Appendix F: Section 22 - Operator qualifications and certification s Appendix G: Section 28 - Reporting requirements u Appendix H – Template Letters w Template letter #1 – July 2004 Audit w Template letter #2 – July 2004 Audit y Template letter #3 – July 2004 Audit z Template Letter #1 – December 2003 aa Template Letter #2 – December 2003 bb List of Figures Figure 1 Effluent monitoring data submission compliance ratio with Section 28 and Schedule 6. (Displays the contribution of data submission to the overall compliance, emphasising data submission in second pie graph.) 8 Figure 2 Effluent quality, compliance ratio with Schedule 4. (Displays the contribution of discharge monitoring to the overall compliance, emphasising effluent quality in second pie graph.) 9 Figure 3 Sample set of effluent monitoring data for BOD5 submitted during July 2004 audit. 11 Figur... Free Essays on Sewage Treatment Facilities Free Essays on Sewage Treatment Facilities Compliance Assessment of Low Volume of Effluent Discharge Sewage Treatment Facilities with the Municipal Sewage Regulation (MSR) of the Environmental Management Act Sarah Brown, Environmental Quality Co-op Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Introduction 3 3 Materials and Methods 5 4 Compliance Review Results 7 4.1. Reporting requirements 7 4.2. Effluent Quality 9 4.2.1. Total 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand 9 4.2.2 Total Suspended Solids 13 4.2.3 Fecal Coliform 14 4.2.4 Turbidity 16 4.2.5 Nitrogen 19 4.3 Operator Certification 24 5 Discussion and recommendations 25 5.1. Compliance Summary 25 5.2. Follow-up and Conclusion 32 6 References 33 7 Appendices a Appendix A: Glossary and List of Symbols a Appendix C: List of Units e Appendix D: f Schedule 3 - Standards for Discharges to Water f Appendix D.A: Schedule 3 - Explanatory Notes h Schedule 4 - Standards for Discharges into Ground j Appendix D.B: Schedule 4 - Explanatory Notes m Appendix E: Schedule 6 - Monitoring Requirements (1)(2) o Appendix F: Section 22 - Operator qualifications and certification s Appendix G: Section 28 - Reporting requirements u Appendix H – Template Letters w Template letter #1 – July 2004 Audit w Template letter #2 – July 2004 Audit y Template letter #3 – July 2004 Audit z Template Letter #1 – December 2003 aa Template Letter #2 – December 2003 bb List of Figures Figure 1 Effluent monitoring data submission compliance ratio with Section 28 and Schedule 6. (Displays the contribution of data submission to the overall compliance, emphasising data submission in second pie graph.) 8 Figure 2 Effluent quality, compliance ratio with Schedule 4. (Displays the contribution of discharge monitoring to the overall compliance, emphasising effluent quality in second pie graph.) 9 Figure 3 Sample set of effluent monitoring data for BOD5 submitted during July 2004 audit. 11 Figur...

Professional Development Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Professional Development Activity - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that this year, for the first time, the hairdressing department would like to attempt the use of flexible delivery of the Certificate II in hairdressing to school students who may have the intention of accomplishing their course within a year instead of the usual administrative two years which has been the norm within the previous years. This previous method meant that the students who might have begun the course within their final year of the school may be disadvantaged since they might only be able to finish half of the units hence may only receive an attainment statement to cover the units which were successfully completed. This then would imply that the students would have to resume post-school in order to finish the remaining units before they could be considered qualified. To deliver the qualifications within one calendar year yet still adhering to Board of Studies and school, requirements demand that the course should be partially be delivered within the school holidays. Because of a learning management system’s flexible nature, students would be able to accomplish part of their study off campus. The structure of the program would include four days face to face instruction and a one-day off-campus instruction with self-directed activities. MOODLE has been selected as a learning management system since it may enable teachers to manage, communicate and track student progress while off-site.... Professional activity The professional development activity that I would like to undertake as a participant is a MOODLE course creator workshop. An individual given the role of a course creator may be able to assume a teacher’s role for the courses under review, create courses and have access to hidden courses. He may also have the ability to assign teachers the role of delivering the created courses. The course creator role may be mainly aimed at instructional designers, educational developers and teachers who engage themselves with online teaching (Moore, Michael & Greg, 237-249). At my place of work, may often be narrowed down to a program coordinator, head teacher or a teacher from each faculty selected on their computer competence. Instruction in a MOODLE course creator role may be freely available online through You-Tube video tutorials, e-learning course in MOODLE 2.2 making use of the topic format and then populating each topic with activities and learning resources th at include learning objects from the retail operations toolbox. MOODLE may be considered a management system for learning which may be designed in order to aid instructors in the creation of the online classroom settings having the chances for rich collaboration and interaction. It may comprise of a number of design aspects, which may allow students and instructors to interact freely, experience and collaborate online learning within multiple ways. It may be said to be significant in supplementing underground courses or even hosting complete online courses (George, 53-77). I would like to effectively come up and provide web-based and instructor-led learning in my course. The development of learning processes and

Standardized Terminology in Nursing Practice Research Paper

Standardized Terminology in Nursing Practice - Research Paper Example The 514 NIC interventions will usually be found arranged in thirty classes and seven domains. The terminology is often used along with the development of electronic health records, (EHRs) (Cordova et. al., 2010). Other nursing terminologies include the Nursing Outcomes Classification, (NOC) and Standardized Nursing Diagnoses (NANDA). None of the above nursing taxonomies however have been included in a system of health information that considers the entire care that nurses provide to patients. NIC is advantageous over the other terminologies since its link to Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) proves more important because of its ease of comprehensibility and more controlled vocabulary for biomedical sciences (Cordova et. al., 2010). This mapping integrates the NIC with other healthcare disciplines and is used in more than twenty-five countries. The NIC can also be closely related to the international method for classifying nurses, which is a base for providing a common st ructure for nursing interventions, diagnoses and outcomes. It was developed to determine the nursing costs based on interventions that have undergone standardization. The NIC terminology provides a foundation for capturing a valid measure of the nursing workload (Cordova et. al., 2010). The nature of nursing would require that the nurse engage in the care of a patient from the less complicated outpatient routines to the invasive hemodynamic procedures. The nursing process underpins nursing in five inter-related and recurrent stages: data gathering, planning, implementation and examination. The application of this process has enabled the use of standard language for the major practise situations, which are diagnosis, results and interventions (Herdman & NANDA International, 2011). The interest in using standardized language during nursing became deeper when the NANDA’s classification for nursing diagnoses developed. The

Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap dancers Essay Example for Free

Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap dancers Essay The empirical article â€Å"Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap dancers: economic evidence for human estrus†, [Myler, Tybur and Jordan, Evolution and Human Behavior 28 (2007) 375 – 381] examines whether human estrus was really â€Å"lost† during evolution. The estrus refers to estrous (or oestrous) cycle that comprises the recurring physiologic changes induced by reproductive hormones in most of mammalian females with a placental reproductive system. Humans undergo a menstrual cycle instead and it is believed by many theorists that human estrus has been lost during evolution. The authors have used an economic model that analyzes the effects of estrus on tip earnings by lap dancers. Typically males of a mammalian species are more solicitous towards a female of the same species. The hypothesis of existence of human estrus is sought to be proved by higher earnings reported by lap dancers during the productive period corresponding to estrus in other placental mammalian species. Here the logical assumption is that an estrous lap dancer would receive more solicitations for private show increasing her tip earnings during estrus. Design of the experiment involved multiple observations (i. e. , tips per shift) for dancers who were nested within contraception use and crossed with cycle phase. The data gathered was used to analyze effects of cycle phase and contraception use on tip earnings using multilevel modeling. Result of the empirical work confirmed the authors’ prediction that pill using and normally cycling participants would demonstrate a similar difference in tip earnings between the menstrual and luteal phases. Second prediction that cycling participants would demonstrate a larger increase in the fertile phase relative to the other phases than pill-using participants was also confirmed by the findings. Experiment found strong ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings moderated by whether the participants were normally cycling. This path breaking paper provides the first direct economic evidence for the existence of estrus in contemporary human females. Real consumer spending patterns reveal human preferences more reliably than verbally stated judgments do. This is particularly true for socially stigmatized products such as pornography or sex work. The experiment involved only 18 participants which can be considered a relatively small size for an experiment with such vast conclusions. But the small size was adequately offset by an observation period of three months and a sufficiently large number of shifts for which observations were recorded. Moreover, the tip earnings of lap dancers are a result of changes in behavior pattern of a much larger number of their clients who were influenced by the estrous state of the lap dancer. When women and men interact intimately over the course of several minutes through conversation and body contact, women apparently either â€Å"signal† or â€Å"leak† cues of their fertility status, and these cues influence spending patterns by male consumers. These results argue against the view that human estrus evolved to be lost or hidden from males. Logical next step, despite its difficulties, would be further research to clarify whether women have evolved special adaptations to signal estrus through such cues – or whether the cues are â€Å"leaking† to sexually discriminating men as unselected side effects of cycle physiology.

Peter The Great :: essays research papers

In 1682, Sophia Romanov sent her palace guards to get rid of her â€Å"heirs† and other conflicts with her reign. Luckily, her two brothers 16 year old Ivan, and 10 year old Peter escaped with there step-mother. Later on, Sophia declared that both Peter and Ivan are the czars of Russia. In 1689, Sophia lost the mobility of her legs. She had her guards, once again try and kill Peter. The guards, realizing that Peter was in communication with the Gods, didn’t touch Peter for they feared the wrath of God would get them. Peter instantly had Sophia banished to a tower outside the city of Moscow. Soon after, Peter married, and had an heir to the throne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eight million people lived in Russia. Ninety-five percent of all of the population consisted of serfs, the merchants, nobles, and elite only populated five percent of Russia. The elite, like the serfs, were not very well educated at all. Timmerman, a knowledgeable man from Germany, taught and showed Peter all of the nautical instruments need to navigate a ship. Peter became very interested in nautical things. Peter soon left Russia and plundered Europe for knowledge, inventions, and great minds to bring back to Russia. His voyage ended in the rich and luxurious city of Amsterdam. Peter began to study Holland’s ships and navy, and hired ship builders to go home with him, and help him prepare a sea power. Peter, wanting to really learn how to build a ship, signed on as a carpenter to hide his true identity, because he wanted to work without that being a distraction. After 4 months, Peter had built a ship of his own, called the â€Å"Peter and Mary.† So on enough, he sailed out to distant countries to borrow plans for astronomical tools, mints, cannons, and weapons. During his voyage, Peter’s palace guards had started a revolt in Moscow. Peter rushed back and saw 1800 servants in chains. He knew there was more behind this revolt than just bad ruling. He had every one of his guards interrogated 6 days a week, but found no new evidence. In the end, Peter had hung 1200 men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The day Peter returned from his voyage, he went to the church about the way Russian men must crop their beards. Peter saw in Europe, that everyone had their beards very short and maintained. Instantly, Peter cut all of his general’s and servant’s beards.