Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap dancers Essay Example for Free

Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap dancers Essay The empirical article â€Å"Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap dancers: economic evidence for human estrus†, [Myler, Tybur and Jordan, Evolution and Human Behavior 28 (2007) 375 – 381] examines whether human estrus was really â€Å"lost† during evolution. The estrus refers to estrous (or oestrous) cycle that comprises the recurring physiologic changes induced by reproductive hormones in most of mammalian females with a placental reproductive system. Humans undergo a menstrual cycle instead and it is believed by many theorists that human estrus has been lost during evolution. The authors have used an economic model that analyzes the effects of estrus on tip earnings by lap dancers. Typically males of a mammalian species are more solicitous towards a female of the same species. The hypothesis of existence of human estrus is sought to be proved by higher earnings reported by lap dancers during the productive period corresponding to estrus in other placental mammalian species. Here the logical assumption is that an estrous lap dancer would receive more solicitations for private show increasing her tip earnings during estrus. Design of the experiment involved multiple observations (i. e. , tips per shift) for dancers who were nested within contraception use and crossed with cycle phase. The data gathered was used to analyze effects of cycle phase and contraception use on tip earnings using multilevel modeling. Result of the empirical work confirmed the authors’ prediction that pill using and normally cycling participants would demonstrate a similar difference in tip earnings between the menstrual and luteal phases. Second prediction that cycling participants would demonstrate a larger increase in the fertile phase relative to the other phases than pill-using participants was also confirmed by the findings. Experiment found strong ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings moderated by whether the participants were normally cycling. This path breaking paper provides the first direct economic evidence for the existence of estrus in contemporary human females. Real consumer spending patterns reveal human preferences more reliably than verbally stated judgments do. This is particularly true for socially stigmatized products such as pornography or sex work. The experiment involved only 18 participants which can be considered a relatively small size for an experiment with such vast conclusions. But the small size was adequately offset by an observation period of three months and a sufficiently large number of shifts for which observations were recorded. Moreover, the tip earnings of lap dancers are a result of changes in behavior pattern of a much larger number of their clients who were influenced by the estrous state of the lap dancer. When women and men interact intimately over the course of several minutes through conversation and body contact, women apparently either â€Å"signal† or â€Å"leak† cues of their fertility status, and these cues influence spending patterns by male consumers. These results argue against the view that human estrus evolved to be lost or hidden from males. Logical next step, despite its difficulties, would be further research to clarify whether women have evolved special adaptations to signal estrus through such cues – or whether the cues are â€Å"leaking† to sexually discriminating men as unselected side effects of cycle physiology.

Peter The Great :: essays research papers

In 1682, Sophia Romanov sent her palace guards to get rid of her â€Å"heirs† and other conflicts with her reign. Luckily, her two brothers 16 year old Ivan, and 10 year old Peter escaped with there step-mother. Later on, Sophia declared that both Peter and Ivan are the czars of Russia. In 1689, Sophia lost the mobility of her legs. She had her guards, once again try and kill Peter. The guards, realizing that Peter was in communication with the Gods, didn’t touch Peter for they feared the wrath of God would get them. Peter instantly had Sophia banished to a tower outside the city of Moscow. Soon after, Peter married, and had an heir to the throne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eight million people lived in Russia. Ninety-five percent of all of the population consisted of serfs, the merchants, nobles, and elite only populated five percent of Russia. The elite, like the serfs, were not very well educated at all. Timmerman, a knowledgeable man from Germany, taught and showed Peter all of the nautical instruments need to navigate a ship. Peter became very interested in nautical things. Peter soon left Russia and plundered Europe for knowledge, inventions, and great minds to bring back to Russia. His voyage ended in the rich and luxurious city of Amsterdam. Peter began to study Holland’s ships and navy, and hired ship builders to go home with him, and help him prepare a sea power. Peter, wanting to really learn how to build a ship, signed on as a carpenter to hide his true identity, because he wanted to work without that being a distraction. After 4 months, Peter had built a ship of his own, called the â€Å"Peter and Mary.† So on enough, he sailed out to distant countries to borrow plans for astronomical tools, mints, cannons, and weapons. During his voyage, Peter’s palace guards had started a revolt in Moscow. Peter rushed back and saw 1800 servants in chains. He knew there was more behind this revolt than just bad ruling. He had every one of his guards interrogated 6 days a week, but found no new evidence. In the end, Peter had hung 1200 men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The day Peter returned from his voyage, he went to the church about the way Russian men must crop their beards. Peter saw in Europe, that everyone had their beards very short and maintained. Instantly, Peter cut all of his general’s and servant’s beards.

Case Study Zumo Essay

You will notice during your reading that some of your recommendations offered during the debriefing oh our oral presentation have not been met, including the change of our logo. This reflects in any way an act of negligence or a lack of rigour. Indeed, we are convinced by some of our ideas, so we prefer to develop you them so that you join there rather than suppress. Hope you like it, enjoy your reading. Sincerely, Laurie and Emilie. Zumospa would like to make Zumo a global brand; the company needs to reposition Zumo for the international market. Zumospa would like to launch a global campaign focussing first on South America, Mexico, The Southern states of the US and Japan, where they have regional offices. Zumospa is a food and drink company based in Valencia, in Spain. Zumo is the best-selling sports drink in Spain. In the last financial year, Zumo contributed â‚ ¬30 million to Zumospa’s annual sales revenue, accounting for 20% of the company’s total turnover, and 4,5 million in profits. It is Zumospa’s cash cow, generating more revenue than any other of its products. The drink contains vitamin and a secret ingredient: â€Å"herbora†, made from roots of rare African plants. Scientific studies results about its formula and proved that the body absorbs Zumo faster than water or other soft drink. Zumo offers four flavours: classic, light, kiwi and strawberry. Zumo is now sold all over Europe. It has a large channel of distribution: the drink is distributed mainly through grocery stores, convenience stores, and supermarkets, also through sports clubs. Sales generated through contracts with professional leagues, such as football, golf and tennis associations. Press, TV and radio advertising is backed up by endorsement contracts with famous European footballers and tennis stars. Which is a pity; it’s that this drink is sold only in Europe. Such a success deserves to be applied internationally. The sports drink market is the most rapidly growing segment of the world beverage market. The market is very competitive, with major companies such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi Cola another fighting for market share. We can expect an Entry Barriers from the existing market on each country. Product strategy: Zumo’s new face Even though Zumospa has been going well in Spain, if we go and run a business with the same brand name â€Å"Zumo† and similar image to the USA, Mexico, South America, and Japan, it would be possible to make the countries rouse antipathy. The reserve for the foreign products is increasing. Initial research suggests that Zumo is perceived, as a Spanish drink, and its close identification with Spain may not be suitable when developing a global brand. We will discard old perspectives towards the markets, especially when we expand our services or products to international market, which have different cultural foundations. An energizing drink is a drink that gives a renewal of energy to the consumer, not to confuse with an energy drink dedicated to the hydration of the sportsmen. In most case, an energizing drink contains a concentration rather high of caffeine and sugar then, according to the specific receipt of each product, of the extracts of plants like the guarana or the ginseng and various molecules like the bull-fighting one, of the vitamins B, the arginine, creatin, etc.†¦ As we know, Zumo just contain vitamin and African plants, and scientific have recognized the energy inputs of natural products used. We believe it’s important to emphasize this point, which represents a competitive advantage of the products to its competitors. That’s why we propose several solutions to refresh Zumo, and highlight the brand’s values. In addition, for a brand to be global, its logo, name and slogan must be recognized and perceived like a familiar for all people. We invented a new name, logo, slogan and packaging for the drink, in order to anchor a positive image of the brand in the minds of consumers. Talking about consumers†¦ Zumo is positioned as an energy product for fitness conscious people, especially sportsmen and women between the age of 20 and 35, and even the older athletes. We succeeded in Spain with this target market and we will continue to maintain it in international market. The scope of the drink matches these consumers. Athletes support the values of the beverage, recognize its qualities. They represent our main target. But our customers can extend far beyond sportsmen. Indeed, people are concerned more and more about health, and pay attention to the ingredients contained in what they eat and what they drink. We can expect to receive more in addition to consumers through the properties of the drink. In order to stretch our consumer panel, the drink will be offered in different version, like in Spain, where the drink is proposed with kiwi and strawberry. A version of the drink sugar-depleted will be deployed in each country. With regard to the different fragrance (cherry, mint, etc.) depending on the country concerned by this development. But before that, it’s necessary to perform a complete redesign of the brand, to give an image more correlated with the drink’s values. A new name, for a new fame The name Zumospa is focused as a Spain brand, to Spanish language. It’s clearly a household name. It’s necessary to reinvent it, for a more international name. This name must be euphonic, easy to pronounce and memorize. Zumospa is a Spanish product; it means the fruit juice in Spanish. †¨In Spain, this product is much known, but not in the other countries because it is only sold in Spain. †¨We so had to find a new name, so that he must be significant for all that is why we chose the English language, it is going to give a modern and young tone. And especially all the consumers and the future consumers will understand it NED Natural Energy Dring NED Natural Energy Dring The new name has to express the benefits of the product, that it represents the drink, a powerful, energetic name and especially that it shows highly rated natural of this energy drink. We had found several names as for example: Strong Jet, Big Torrent, NED or TORERO. Having hesitated a lot, we selected NED (the Natural Energy drink), it is very simple because it is the definition of the product but it is particularly easy to pronounce for the most part of country, it is short and precise. It is also necessary to respect the administrative formalities; we shall thus have to register the name of our product to protect it from any copy, to WIPO (the World Intellectual Property Organization A little makeover It exists on the market of the drink big competitors as Pepsi, Coca Cola but especially on the market of energy drinks as Red Bull. In order to compete against big competitors like Pepsi and Coke, especially Red Bull, and reshape the image of the drink, we think we should redesign the logo. The current image is too simple, too Spanish and cannot create strong impressions in foreign customers. Pepsi and Coke have been known as calorie products while nowadays more and more people are paying attention to healthy product. So we will focus on marketing that Zumo is energy drink with low gas, glucose and with natural ingredients. That’s why, in the logo, we have combined the Hulk’s arm with a small daisy. We wanted to show it in the logo so that the customers realize of highly rated natural of the product To represent the energy values of the drink that brings strength and force, we used the Hulk arm that represents, in our opinion, an icon of physical force. To show that this strength comes from the earth, we combined with this image of a small daisy, reminding the natural aspect of the drink. The particularity of this logo is the contrast between the powerful arm and the delicate flower, held in his hand. In addition, the colours are sparkling and strongly recall the ecological context (green, yellow, white). The specificity of the image will allow that it’s permanently implanted in the mind of the consumer. After the logo, we have decided to occupy us of the slogan. We thus needed a small sentence, which represents the logo but especially the product. As we used Hulk as image of Zumo, we decided to stay in this spirit of great powerful, but natural strength. Having thought a lot we have chooses † Great Get the Natural Strength â€Å". Obtain the strength by drinking our drink, a strength nature but very powerful. We thus used play on words to insist well on the natural fact of the supernatural product and the strength of Hulk. And a suitable outfit Our main target being athletes, as well as all active people, we decided to adapt the new packaging for their needs. In addition, it breaks the image of the current energy drink, full of chemicals. Indeed, all competing drinks, except one, offer their beverage in cans. That’s why we will propose a new contain: plastic bottles. Available in different format, from 25cl to 50cl, these contain enables easier transport of the drink. Whether in a gym bag or a handbag, an open can can no longer store while the bottle is reformed indefinitely. The bottles will have a stopper teat, making usage more convenient and less risky for active people moving constantly. The bottles will be made with a green plastic. It can be recycled and reused to reduce the impact of waste on the environment. Indeed, it’s impossible for a company promoting ecologic values to neglect the growing concern of consumers for ecology. Position We should reshape specific identity and directional characteristics of Zumo as a sports beverage. Choose gorgeous designs and intense colours to lay an emphasis on the image of the silver generation who care about their style and intend to the luxurious life style. The price will be about 2 £ because we have made decision that our targeted customers is ready to pay for a high quality product. They could be willing to pay for the product, even it could be expensive. Moreover we made a decision to the price, which is higher than other competitor’s products to posit high quality to consumers. What else? We can expect a real success for the introduction of the drink worldwide. We will have to monitor the results of the campaign and the strategies put un place. Subsequently, other operations will need to be considered to maintain the reputation and the dynamism of the brand. E already thought of some actions. For example, it would be interesting to create versions derived from NED: a line of bottle for girls, a light version, as well as other flavours (strawberry, peach, etc.). Proposed perfumes will vary depending on the country in witch the drink is sold. Each of them may have different preferences in terms of taste, so it will be necessary to adapt to their habits. Communication strategy We can lead international marketing campaign as a successful case by selecting specific target layers and using effective promotion routes. Media Firstly, advertising is known as the first step to introduce our product to foreign market We use one method: Innovative advertising, marketing around the world. We are planned to do promotion by teaser ad, outdoor billboards, and sampling party. Our creative team knew create us some very interesting sketches. We could do teaser ad, which are easy to see around us as a promotion method to attract customer’s interests and attention. The location to publicize will be a rush place. Our views will be present in many places: Using outdoor billboards, especially at bus stops, buildings, fitness centres, and on the newspaper, magazines and so on. Hors media The world is waiting for London 2012 Olympic and I think this will be a good opportunity to advertise our products by sponsoring. Olympic always attracts everybody all over the world. If we sponsor Olympic, our product will appear frequently and it will create strong impression in foreign customers. When athletes use our products, our prestige will be consolidated and many people will want to try our products. We going to take advantage the Olympics games for doing the global launched of the new brand, new product line and new image (logo), supports of advertising in media. We are supposed to hold a sampling party. For example, we are scheduled to a sampling party at the fitness centre, which is a lot of members, since we could expect to get people to attract. Also, it could be a good way to inform the new brand. Apply to be official sponsor at next Olympic Games. It’s a great chance for us to publicize our new brand. Olympic Games are the biggest sports event that sportsmen and women all around the world look forward to. We could contract an ad with famous footballers, tennis players, and athletes.

Dictionary of Old and Obsolete Occupations - S

The occupations found recorded in documents from prior centuries often appear unusual or foreign when compared to the occupations of today. The following occupations beginning with S are generally now considered old or obsolete. Saddler  - maker and repairer of saddles and bridles Saddle Tree Maker - one who creates  the wooden frame for a horse saddle Salter  - one who makes or deals in salt Sandler - sandle maker Savant  - servant Sawbones  - physician Sawyer  - sawer of wood; carpenter Scabbler  - person who uses a scabbler (pick) to trim the sides of a tunnel Scappler - responsible for rough-shaping stone before final dressing by a stonemason   Schumacker  - shoemaker or cobbler Scribler / Scribbler  - minor or worthless author Scrivener  - scribe or clerk; professional or public copyist or writer; notary public Scrutiner  - election judge Scutcher / Skutcher - one who beat flax to extract linen fibers from flax stems Seinter  - girdle maker Servitor - a clerk or secretary Sewer rat  - a bricklayer who specialized in making and repairing sewers and tunnels Sexton - a church caretaker, sometimes responsible for digging graves Sharecropper -  a tenant farmer who is allowed to farm (and sometimes live on) anothers land in return for a percentage share of the crops produced on their portion of land Shearer - sheared wool from sheep Shearman  - one who raised the surface of woolen cloth and then sheared it to a smooth  surface; cutter of woolen cloth; sometimes a cutter of metal Shepster - dressmaker or sheep shearer Ship chandler -  a dealer in supplies and equipment for ships and boats, known as ship stores Shrieve / Shriever  - sheriff Shunter - railway worker responsible for coupling train cars and carriages; also known as a switcher Sickleman  - a reaper Silk drawer -  one who drew silk from silk waste for spinning Skepper / Skelper - beehive maker or seller   Skinner - a flayer of animal hides for leather Slagger - a worker in a steel mill responsible for removing slag from a furnace during the smelting process. Slater / Slatter  - roofer; tiler Slopseller  - seller of ready-made clothes in a slop shop Slubber - a worker in a cotton or textile mill, responsible for  removing the slubs or imperfections in the yarn prior to weaving Sluicer - one who tended the sluice in a mine (often a gold or silver mine) Smith - a metal worker, usually a blacksmith. See also the surname SMITH. Snobscat / Snob  - shoe repairer; cobbler Sojourner - a traveler or traveling merchant; sometimes used to refer to a temporary (non-permanent) resident of a parish Soper  - soapmaker Sorter  - tailor Sperviter - a keeper of sparrow hawks Spicer  - a grocer or dealer in spices Spinster  - unmarried woman; spinner (female) Spit boy -  Ã‚  a kitchen worker responsible for turning spits in the fireplace so food would cook evenly Spittleman  - hospital attendant Spurrer / Spurrier  - maker of spurs Squire  - country gentleman; farm owner; justice of peace Staymaker - a maker of bone stays for corsets Stevedore  - a dock worker or laborer who loads and unloads ships cargos. Stoddard - a breeder or keeper of horses Stone cutter - possibly a stone mason, but often a carver of tombstones Stoner - mason Stuff Gown  / Stuff Gownsman  - junior barrister Surveyor - one who estimates or measures areas of land Switcher  - railway worker responsible for coupling train cars and carriages; also known as a shunter Explore more old and obsolete occupations and trades in our free Dictionary of Old Occupations and Trades!